Abdollahzadeh, A. A. (2013). Comparing the effectiveness of blended learning with electronic and face-to-face learning in mathematics among first-year high school students in Ardabil. Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 9(2), 65–84. (in Persian)
Abedi Karjiban, Z. (2011). Development of educational technology. Roshd Educational Technology Magazine, 26(216), https://www.roshdmag.ir/fa/magazine2/showissue/299 (in Persian)
Al-Fraihat, D., Joy, M., & Sinclair, J. (2020). Evaluating E-learning systems success: An empirical study. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 67-86.
Alhabeeb, A., & Rowley, J. (2018). E-learning critical success factors: Comparing perspectives from academic staff and students. Computers & Education, 127, 1-12.
Al-Hunaiyyan, A., Al-Sharhan, S., Alainati, S., & Al-Duaij, M. (2023). A new competency model for digital instructors: Towards innovative teaching and learning in the digital era. Journal of Data Acquisition and Processing, 38(4), 1167-1186.
Allen IE, Seaman J.(2013). Changing course: Ten years of trackingonline education in the United States. Newburyport, MA: ERIC;
Ally, M. (2008). Foundations of educational theory for online learning. In T. Anderson (Ed.), The theory and practice of online learning (2nd ed., pp. 15–44). Athabasca University Press.
Anderson, T. (2008). The theory and practice of online learning (2nd ed.). Athabasca University Press.
Bhuasiri, W.; Xaymoungkhoun, O.; Zo, H. & Rho, J. (2012). Critical success factors for e-learning in developing countries: A comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty. Computers & Education, 58, 843-855.
Bigatel PM, Ragan LC, Kennan S, May J, Redmond BF.(2012) The Identification of Competencies for Online Teaching Success. Online Learn.;16(1). doi: 10.24059/olj.v16i1.215
Bond, M., Buntins, K., Bedenlier, S., Zawacki-Richter, O., & Kerres, M. (2021). Mapping research in student engagement and educational technology in higher education: A systematic evidence map. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(1), 1099–1130.
Brookfield, S. D. (2017). Becoming a critically reflective teacher (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Daneshvar, M., & Mehrmohammadi, M. (2014). Required competencies of instructors in e-learning. Media Journal, 4(3), 10–19. (in Persian)
Dehbashi, F., Zandi, B., & Ebrahimzadeh, I. (2011). Presenting a curriculum planning model for training foreign language instructors through virtual (distance) education. Iranian Journal of Curriculum Studies, 6(21), 43–66. (in Persian)
Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22.
Eslami, M., Esmaeili, Z., & Saeidipour, B. (2018). Explaining the competencies of instructors in e-learning environments. Journal of Educational Strategies in Medical Sciences, 11(2). (in Persian)
European Commission. (2020). Digital education action plan 2021–2027. https://education.ec.europa.eu
European Commission. (2020). European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators: DigCompEdu. Publications Office of the European Union.
Gibbs, G. (2021). Improving teaching in higher education. Routledge.
Gulbahar, Y., & Kalelioglu, F. (2015). Competencies for e-Instructors: How to qualify and guarantee sustainability. Contemporary Educational Technology, 6(2), 140-154.
Kebritchi, M., Lipschuetz, A., & Santiague, L. (2017). Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 46(1), 4–29.
Khadivi, A., & Rahmani, H. (2025). Design and validation of a competency model for faculty members of Farhangian University based on upstream documents. Applied Educational Leadership, 5(1), 98–115. (in Persian)
Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60–70.
Kugel, P. (2022). The evolving role of university teachers in the 21st century. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 19(3), 34–48.
Laurillard, D. (2022). Teaching as a design science: Building pedagogical patterns for learning and technology. Routledge.
Loughran, J. (2020). Developing a pedagogy of teacher education: Understanding teaching and learning about teaching (2nd ed.). Routledge.
McGarr, O. & McDonagh, A. (2019) Digital Competence in Teacher Education.
Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., & Baki, M. (2013). The effectiveness of online and blended learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Teachers College Record, 115(3), 1–47.
Narenji Sani, F., Ebadi, R., Mostafavi, Z. S., & Youzbashi, A. (2016). Identifying the learning needs of faculty members in electronic higher education. Journal of Educational and School Studies, 3(10), 29-53. (in Persian)
Ohani Zanouz, V., Yari Haj Attaloun, J., & Adib, Y. (2023). Designing an appropriate model for evaluating the quality of electronic curriculum programs in higher education. Journal of Educational Strategies in Medical Sciences, 15(4), 389–400. (in Persian)
Ouyang, F., & Scharber, C. (2017). The influences of an experienced instructor's discussion design and facilitation on an online learning community development: A social network analysis study. The Internet and Higher Education, 35, 34-47.
Parishani, N., Mirshah Jafari, S. E., & Abedi, A. (2011). The effect of Technology-Enhanced Active Learning (TEAL) in biology on students' academic motivation. Journal of Teaching and Learning Studies, 3(1), 1–16. (in Persian)
Rahimpour, F., Daraei, M., & Rahimikia, A. (2024). Designing an e-learning model at Payame Noor University of Lorestan. Journal of the Iranian Sociology of Education Association, 9(1), 169–188. (in Persian)
Sangrà, A., Vlachopoulos, D., & Cabrera, N. (2012). Building an inclusive definition of e-learning: An approach to the conceptual framework. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(2), 145–159.
Sarboland, K. (2019). Presenting an e-learning model for faculty satisfaction with learning in Islamic Azad University units of Ardabil Province. Journal of Educational Technology, 13(2), https://doi.org/10.22061/jte.2018.3281.1837 (in Persian)
Sarlak MA, Abolhasani Hastiani A. )2010).Trust in Virtual Universities (Why Students Choose to Enroll or not to Enroll in an Online University). Journal of Social Sciences.;4(3):237.
Selim, H. M. (2007). Critical success factors for e-learning acceptance: Confirmatory factor models. Computers and Education, 49(2), 396-413.
Selwyn, N. (2016). Education and technology: Key issues and debates (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury.
Shahmohammadi, A., Azizi, N., & Bahmani, M. (2024). Developing a model for improving the teaching quality of faculty members in the distance education system: A case study of Payame Noor University. Journal of Teaching Research, 11(1), 116-138. (in Persian)
Sharifi, A., Mohammad Davoudi, A. H., & Eslamieh, F. (2012). The relationship between the use of information and communication technologies and teachers' performance in the teaching–learning process. Quarterly Journal of Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 2(4), 145–167. (in Persian)
Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3–10.
Van der Sluis, H., Millar, V., & Devlin, M. (2023). Academic development for the digital age: Rethinking university teaching. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(1), 45–61.
Youzbashi, A., & Pazhouhi. (2019). Identifying the professional competencies of faculty members in e-learning environments: A Delphi study. Quarterly Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 9(2),5-25.(in Persian)
Zarif Sanaei, N. (2011). A review and comparison of learning theories in the design of electronic courses. Media Journal, (6), 51–60. (in Persian)
Zarifmanesh, H., Salmani, A., Moulaei, S. Y., & Shahgholian, R. (2025). Designing a transformational model of education and training for faculty members and instructors based on the directives of the Commander-in-Chief in a military university. Strategic Defense Studies, 22(96), 73–94. (in Persian).
